IMM Graduate School Harvard Referencing System Guide

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Updated: April 2020

• A full reference list is a list of all the information sources (references) that have been cited in the text.
• A reference list appears at the end of the assignment or report and before any addendums.
• The reference list contains all the necessary information to help the reader find the original work.
• The reference list items must be arranged alphabetically by the author surnames – but not in bullet or numbered format.
• Important: Every reference must link to an in-text citation in the body of the work.
• A reference list is NOT a Bibliography. The IMM Graduate School requires a reference list and not a bibliography.

Remember:

• Items are listed only once in alphabetical order; the same source may not be used more than once.
• Provide full details of the sources used in the text.
• Use italics as indicated in the examples that follow.
• Use parentheses ( ) or [ ] as indicated in the examples that follow.
• Use inverted commas “ ” as required (refer to the examples that follow).
• Use the correct URL address as indicated in the examples that follow.
• Leave an open space between the items on the reference list.

EXAMPLE

This is what an alphabetical reference list should look like. It should always appear at the END of your assignment/report/thesis:

Arya, C. (2003). Design of structural elements. 2^nd ed. London: Spoon Press.

Bowlin, W.F., Simpson, H., Renner, C.J., and Rives, J.M. (2003). “A DEA study of gender equity in executive compensation”, Journal of the Operation Research Society. 54(7), pp. 751-7.

Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP). (2008). Information literacy: a definition. Available from: <http://www.cilip.org.uk/policyadvocay/informationliteracy/ definitiondefault.htm>. [Accessed 7 August 2008]

Department of Health. (2007). Health inequalities: progress and next steps. Available from: <http://www.dh.gov.uk/>. [Accessed 23 January 2009]

Gerring, J. (2007). Case study research: principles and practices. Available from: <http://www.myilibrary.com>. [Accessed 14 August 2008].

Lloyd, S. (2002). Capturing the consumer. Small firms: adding a spark: the 25^th ISBA national small firms’ policy conference. Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, 15-17 November. Leeds: Institute for Small Business Affairs, pp.132-138.

Smith, D. (2008). House price markets, The Times, 26 June, p.25.

           What is in-text referencing?

• Each time a reference is made to someone else’s work in a document, the author’s name and the publication date of his/her work should be included within the text at the point where his/her ideas have been discussed. This is called citing the author’s work.
• Remember: When in-text citation is used and there is more than one author at a time, the author’s names should be listed in the order the authors appear on the title page of the book or article!

The IMM Graduate School follows the Harvard Referencing System in the listing of sources for academic texts, and NOT APA, Chicago, etc. Also note: The IMM Graduate School Harvard Referencing system is NOT similar to any other Harvard Referencing system, including the MS Word version.

As it is not possible to reproduce the complete set of Harvard Referencing System options in this document, only some basic examples are provided as a guideline.

To recap:

All assignments and dissertations produced by the IMM Graduate School students must include in-text citations as well as a detailed list of references (the latter appears at the end of an assignment/report but before the Addendums). Each in-text citation needs to link up to a reference at the end of the document where the reference list contains the sources of the citations. These two types of references always go hand in hand. This means that for each in-text reference a corresponding entry should be included in the list of references at the end of the document. The reverse is also true: for each entry in the list of references, an in-text reference should be included in the text.

Do NOT use a Bibliography. A bibliography is a list of sources that have been used in preparation of the assignment or dissertation but that you have not necessarily cited in the text.

Giving credit to the original author by referencing sources is the only way to use other people’s work without plagiarising. Refer to the document called Plagiarism Avoidance Guide which you can find on the IMM Graduate School eLearn system.

Whenever words or ideas are borrowed the source needs to be acknowledged. The following situations almost always require referencing:

• Whenever quotes from a 3^rd party are used
• Whenever paraphrasing is used you still need to reference: - you may be using your own words but you are still using the ideas of another author to whom you need to give credit
• Whenever an idea that someone else has already expressed is used
• Whenever specific reference is made to the work of another author
• Whenever someone else’s work has been critical in the development of your own ideas. 

Students failing to reference or failing to do it properly become guilty of committing plagiarism. Refer to the document called Plagiarism Avoidance Guide Policy to familiarise yourself with the sanctions that are applicable when found guilty of plagiarism.

Here are examples of what the format of the in-text citation in the reference list should look like. Remember, in-text citation appears IN the document at the section / sentence where the specific book / author is being used, and the reference list appears at the end of your document before any appendices.

In general, the following guideline will apply for any book that needs to be referenced at the end of your document:

In-text:

Example when reference to the author(s) appears at the end of the sentence:

Research has indicated the following….. (Author, year of publication). (Note – author and year appear in brackets)

Example when author is part of the sentence:

Author (year) stated that the ….. (Note: Only the year appears in brackets and the full-stop denoting the end of the sentence is inserted after the citation at the end of the sentence). 

Reference list:

Author, A. (year of publication in brackets) Title of Book in italics. Edition. Place of publication: publisher.

Specific examples pertaining to any books:

In-text:

Wright (1997) explained the importance of proper referencing techniques... or at the end of the sentence, for example... It is critical that all sources are always properly referenced (Wright, 1997). 

Reference list:

Wright, H. (1997) The principles of referencing. 2^nd ed. Timbuktu: Inside Publishing.

In-text:

Rundle, Booysen and Dube (1990) states… or at the end of the sentence ... Online messages can be interpreted in various manners (Rundle, Booysen & Dube, 1990).

Reference list: Rundle, D., Booysen, H. and Dube, P. (1990). The interpretation of online messages. Timbuktu: Inside Publishing.

The first opportunity to cite a source with more than 3 authors requires you to mention all the authors and then, subsequent to that, you may use only the first name followed by et al.   

In-text: Bruwer, Prince and Victor (2010) states… or at the end of sentence... Study guides should be written in the correct format. (Bruwer Wright and Victor., 2010). 

In-text subsequent to the first citation:  Bruwer et al. (2010) states … or at the end of the sentence … Study guides should be written in the correct format (Bruwer et al, 2020).

Reference list: Bruwer, A., Wright, P.R., Prince, M.C. & Victor, A. (2010). The how-to guide to writing a study guide. Johannesburg: Academic Solutions Group.

In-text: Anonymous (2010) states… or at the end of the sentence, for example... the end of the world is full of surprises (Anonymous, 2010).

Reference list: Anonymous. (2010). A journey to the end of the world. Timbuktu: Imagination Express.

In-text: Griffiths (2013) explained various humorous situations in the boardroom… or at the end of the sentence ... A boardroom situation may create various humorous situations (Griffiths, 2013). 

Note: The in-text citation does not carry the name of the editor, it must be the name of the author of that particular chapter, followed by the title of the chapter, followed by the name of the editor and the title of the book.

Reference list: Griffiths, C. (2013) “Humour in the boardroom”. In Bevan, M. ed. Laughing Matters, 2nd ed. Timbuktu: Inside Publishing.

In-text:

Bevan and Hugo (2014) acknowledged the fact that marketing graduates have a bright future ahead of them... or at the end of the sentence... Marketing graduates have a bright future ahead of them (Eds Bevan and Hugo, 2014). 

Reference list:

Bevan, M. and Hugo, J. (eds.) (2000) Towards the academic future. London: Academic Press Association.

In-text:

McAlmon (1925) stated that in the three decades since New York City's Stonewall rebellion, gay literature has exploded as a distinctive form of cultural expression. ... or at the end of the sentence for example ... In the three decades since New York City's Stonewall rebellion, gay literature has exploded as a distinctive form of cultural expression (McAlmon, 1925).

Reference list:

McAlmon, R. “Miss Knight”. (1925) The Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature: Readings from Western Antiquity to the Present Day. Ed. Byrne R.S. Fone. New York: Columbia UP, 1998, pp. 629-39. Print.

In-text:

According to the Natal Rugby Association, (1980), Stefan Terblanche ….  or at the end of the sentence, for example... Stefan Terblanche played for the Sharks …. (Natal Rugby Association, 1980). 

Reference list:

Natal Rugby Association. (1980) 80^th Anniversary Yearbook. Natal Rugby Association.

In-text:

(Lipman, 1918). 

Reference list:

Author, A. (year of publication) Title of book. Edition. Available from: <url address>. [Accessed on date].

For example, the above mentioned in-text citation source will be handled as follows in the Reference list:

• Lipman, F.L. (1918) Creating capital: money-making as an aim in business. Available from: <http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29673/29673-h/29673-h.htm>. [Accessed on 25 February 2012]. 

In-text:

(Bick, 2011). 

Reference list:

Bick, G. (2011) “Brand equity and brand valuation”, in Klopper, H.B., and North, E. (ed.) (2011) Brand Management. Cape Town: Pearson Education SA.

In-text: The Macquarie Dictionary (1997) defines...

Reference list: Note: No entry is needed in the reference list.

In-text: (Wright, 1997, Chapter 1, pp.100-101) or Wright (1997, Chapter 1, pp.100-101)

Reference list: Wright, H. (1997). The principles of referencing. Timbuktu: Inside Publishing, Chapter 1, pp. 100-101.

Specific examples pertaining to any journals

In-text: (Author, year of publication)

Reference list: Author, A. (year of publication) “Title of article”, Title of Journal, volume, number, page numbers.

In-text: Meindl (1987) suggested that advanced computing… or at the end of the sentence for example...  Advanced computing has ….. (Meindl, 1987). 

Reference list: Meindl, D. (1987) “Chips for advanced computing”, Scientific American, vol. 257, no. 4, pp. 54-62. 

In-text:  Oosthuizen and McDonald (2009) provided evidence on the growth of online marking…. or at the end of the sentence, for example... Online marking is the way of the future (Oosthuizen and McDonald, 2009).

Reference list: Oosthuizen, D. and McDonald, G. (2009) “The online marking process: an overview”, The African Journal of Academics, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 97-99.

In-text: …. Simpson, Thomas and Enslin (2014) explained that mobile technology…. or at the end of the sentence, for example... Mobile technology has …. (Simpson, Thomas & Enslin, 2014).

Reference list: Simpson, J.A., Thomas, S.A. and Enslin, D.J. (2014) “The role of mobile technology in the media plan”, Journal of International Marketing, vol.17, no. 2, pp. 63-65.

The first opportunity to cite a source with more than 3 authors requires you to mention all the authors and then, subsequent to that, you may use only the first name followed by et al.  

In-text: Shapiro, Bethu, Ndlovu and Wilcox (2000) provided an analysis of ….. or at the end of the sentence ... A new media planning format has been introduced…. (Shapiro, Bethu, Ndlovu and Wilcox , 2000). 

In-text subsequent to the first citation:  Shapiro et al. (2000) provided an analysis of ….. or at the end of the sentence ... A new media planning format has been introduced…. (Shapiro et al. 2000).

Reference list: Shapiro, D., Bethu, R., Ndlovu, B. and Wilcox, S.R. (2000) “A new media planning format”, Journal of Media planning, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 454-65.

In-text: Bouwer (2014) explained that social media is a great contributor…. ot at the end of the sentence, for example, ... Social media has been a great contributor to ….. (Bouwer, 2014).

Reference list: Bouwer, C. (2014) “The role of social media in building brand equity”, Journal of Branding. Available from: <http://www.job.int.com/rosm-bbe/fulltext.121544162/PDF>. [Accessed on 23 May 2015].

Provide full location details if these are necessary to find the document OR just the main site details.

In-text: Bouwer, (2014, para 6.13) explained that social media is a great contributor…. or at the end of the sentence... Social media has been a great contributor to …..(Bouwer, 2014, para 6.13). 

Reference list: Bouwer, C. (2014) “The role of social media in building brand equity”, Journal of Branding, vol. 3, no. 70. Available from: <http://www.job.int.com/rosm-bbe/fulltext.121544162/PDF>. [Accessed on 23 May 2015].

Provide full location (web location) details if these are necessary to find the document OR just the main site details.

Specific examples pertaining any newspaper examples

In-text: Author (year of publication) states… or at the end of the sentence, for example... (Author, year of publication).

Reference list: Author, A. (year of publication) “Title of the article”, Title of the newspaper, date, page number.

In-text: Roos (2015) urges all human beings…. or at the end of the sentence... for example... Mother Earth needs all our love…. (Roos, 2015). 

Reference list: Roos, M. (2015) “Don’t turn your back on Mother Earth”, The Star, 8 June 2015, p. 10.

In-text: Or Meryment (2006) stated that Wineries are becoming …. or if at the end of a sentence... for example...Wineries are becoming more interested in focusing their marketing tactics on online marketing (Meryment, 2006). 

Reference list: Meryment, E. (2006) “Distaff winemakers raise a glass of their own to their own”, The Australian, 7 October, p. 5. Available from: Factiva. [Accessed on 2 February 2007].

In-text: Hilts (1999) states… or, if at the end of a sentence... Hilts (1999). 

Reference list: Hilts, P.J. (1999) “In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out”, The New York Times, 16 February, Available from < http://www.nytimes.com>. [Accessed on 19 February 2000].

In-text: It was stated in The Star (11 July 2010, p. 4) that...

Reference list: NO entry required

Specific examples pertaining any company information / company documents

In-text: Vodacom (2010) stated the importance of growing its footprint into…. or, at the end of the sentence... Vodacom extended its footprint... (Vodacom, 2010).

Reference list: Vodacom Annual Report 2010. (2010) Available from: <http://www.vodacom.co.za>. [Accessed on 8 June 2015].

In-text: Microelectronics International (2002) identified ….. , or at the end of the sentence, for example, ... Growth areas….. (Microelectronics International, 2002). 

Reference list: Microelectronics International. (2002) "Company Profile – IPL, Dorchester, UK". Available from: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

In-text: Statistics South Africa (2015) published ….  or, if at the end of the sentence, for example: Population growth …. (Statistics South Africa, 2015). 

Reference list:

Statistics South Africa. (2015). Mid-year population estimates, 2015, P0302. Available from: < http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1854&PPN=P0302&SCH=6334>. [Accessed on 28 July 2015].

Specific examples pertaining any Conference papers

In-text: (Author, year of publication), for example: McIntee (2014) identified the growth …., or, if at the end of the sentence... Marketing as an industry …. (McIntee, 2014). 

Reference list: Author, A. (year of publication). “Title of paper”, Title of Conference, location, date of conference, place of publication: publisher, page numbers. For example:

McIntee, H. (2014). “The growth of the marketing fraternity in Africa”, The African Marketing Confederation Conference, Zimbabwe, 15 September 2014, South Africa: African Marketing Confederation, pp. 11-15.

In-text: McIntee (2014) identified the growth …., or, at the end of the sentence... The Marketing fraternity …. (McIntee, 2014). 

Reference list: McIntee, H. (2014). “The growth of the marketing fraternity in Africa”, The African Marketing Confederation Conference, pp.11-15. Available from: AMC Portal, AMC Digital Library. [Accessed 20 October 2014].

In-text: Simpson (2015) indicated that the retail sector…, or if at end of sentence... The formal retail sector… (Simpson, 2015). 

Reference list: Simpson, M. (2015). “Is formalised retailing a positive sign?” paper presented at the African Marketing Confederation Conference, Zimbabwe.

Specific examples pertaining any Internet / Website examples

In-text: (Author, year of publication)

Reference list: Author, A. (year of publication / last updated). Title of the Website. Available from: <online URL address>. [Accessed on date].

In-text: Johannesburg Stock Exchange (2015) provided a comprehensive …., or, if at end of the sentence... The following are a list of companies …. (Johannesburg Stock Exchange, 2015). 

Reference list: Johannesburg Stock Exchange. (2015). “Listed Companies”. Available from: <http://www.jse.co.za/current-companies/companies-and-financial-instruments>. [Accessed on 8 June 2015].

In-text: Mayo Health (2014) provided a comprehensive list …., or, if used at the end of the sentence: Early warning signs to look out for … (Mayo Health, 2014). 

Reference list: Mayo Health (2014). “Surviving a heart attack: your early warning signs”. Available from: <http://www.mayohealth.com/i-cms?page=10221>. [Accessed on 8 May 2015].

In-text: Bevan (n.d.) stated that staff morale is much higher when….. Or, if used at the end of the sentence: Staff morale is much higher when …..(Bevan, n.d.).

Reference list: Bevan, M.R. (n.d.). “The impact of a coffee machine on staff morale”. Available from: <http://www.coffeebeans.com>. [Accessed on 6 June 2015].

In-text: Sykes (2015) shared insights….. Or if used at the end of the sentence: The reasons why you are not a millionaire… (Sykes, 2015).

Reference list: Sykes, T. (2015). “4 Reasons you’re not a millionaire”. Timothy Sykes Blog. 30 May 2015. Available from: <http://www.timothysykes.com/2015/05/4-reasons-youre-not-millionaire>. [Accessed on 8 June 2015].

Note: Some blog authors may choose to blog anonymously (thus using an alias). Use this alias instead of surname and initials if that is all that is available.

In-text: (Immediate Marketing and Business Consulting, 2015)

Reference list:

Immediate Marketing and Business Consulting. (2015). Available from: <http://www.immediatemarketing.com/images/business_8.jpg>. [Accessed on 8 June 2015].

In-text: The Department of Trade & Industry (2014) published an article…. Or, if used at the end of a sentence: A study done to determine the correlation between … (Department of Trade & Industry, 2014).

Reference list: Department of Trade & Industry. (2014). “Productivity and caffeine: Is there a connection?” South African Government. Available from: <http://www.coffeebeands.com>. [Accessed on 8 June 2015].

In-text: SARS (2015) issued a document …. Or, if used at the end of  sentence:  Follow the following procedure to report … (SARS, 2015).

Reference list: South African Revenue Services. (2015). “How to report suspected non-compliance to SARS”. Available from: <http://www.sars.gov.za/TargTaxCrime/ReportCrime/Pages/default.aspx.>. [Accessed on 8 June 2015].

In-text: OpenOffice.org (2005) provides computer software … Or, if used at the end of a sentence:  A list of computer software is available… (OpenOffice.org, 2005).

Reference list: OpenOffice.org, computer software. (2005). Available from: <http://www.openoffice.org>. [Accessed on 12 January 2005].

Specific examples pertaining any Multimedia examples

In-text: (Marketing 101, 2015)

Reference list: Marketing 101. (2015) (DVD), Institute of Marketing Management Graduate School, South Africa.

In-text: (Duct Tape Marketing, 2015)

Reference list: How to differentiate your business. (June 2015). Duct Tape Marketing weekly podcast, (podcast) June 2015. Available from: <http://www.ducttapemarketing.com/blog/category/podcast>. [Accessed on 8 June 2015].

In-text: (Oliver, 2015)

Reference list: Oliver, J. (2015). Last week tonight, The mittens of disapproval are on, (television broadcast show) 8 June 2015, Trinidad Television.

In-text: (Coca-Cola vs Pepsi - The new battle, 2007)

Reference list: Coca-Cola vs Pepsi – The new battle. (2013). (YouTube video file), added by sirelatan. Available from: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muH-zcOYnFc>. [Accessed on 8 June 2015]

In-text: (Kaul, 2015)

Reference list: Kaul, G. (2015). Introduction to Finance, video file in Introduction to Finance course, University of Michigan. Available from: <https://www.coursera.org/course/introfinance>. [Accessed on 7 June 2015]

In-text: (Buckingham, 2015)

Reference list: Buckingham, I. (2015). Brand engagement group, (Facebook), 29 May 2015. Available from: <http://www.facebook.com>. [Accessed on 9 June 2015]

In-text: (Omi, 2015)

Reference list: Omi. (2015). “Cheerleader”, on iTunes. Available from: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_NVUZNsh2E>. [Accessed on 9 June 2015]

Specific examples pertaining any Lecture note examples

In-text: (Bruwer, 2014)

Reference list: Bruwer, A. (2014). Brand equity, lecture notes distributed in Brand Management 101 at the IMM Graduate School, Johannesburg on 14 April 2014.

In-text: (IMM Graduate School, 2014)

Reference list: IMM Graduate School. (2014). FM101B, Financial Management 101 Study Guide. South Africa: IMM Graduate School.

Specific examples pertaining any thesis examples

In-text: Potgieter (2010) presented evidence on the interrelationship …… or if used at the end of a sentence: Evidence are available to indicate the ….. (Potgieter, 2010).

Reference list: Potgieter, H. (2010). The interrelationship between social context and the cultural landscape of the commercial film industry, Ph.D thesis, University of Timbuktu.

In-text: Terblanche (2014) covered the work of Quentin ….. or if used at the end of a sentence: The work of Quentin Tarrintino … (Terblanche, 2014).

Reference list: Terblanche, C. (2014). Dismemberment and dispossession in the work of Quentin Tarantino and Nathalie Djurberg. South Africa: UNISA.

Specific examples pertaining any personal communication examples

If the information you are referencing was obtained by personal communication, i.e. telephone call, or a personal interview you need to document it in the text, however you are not required to add it to the reference list at the end. You may also add the abbreviation pers.comm to the reference.

When interviewed on 8 June 2015, Ms. McIntee confirmed….

(Mr. D. Thomas, 2013, pers. comm., 8 June)

In-text: Mr. L. Bekker confirmed this by email on 30 May 2014 or Bekker (2014) confirmed this… or It was confirmed that … (Bekker, 2014).

Reference list: Author, A. (date of message). “Subject of message”, email to recipient’s name, for example:

Bekker, L. (30 May 2014). email to Rehana Prinsloo.

Specific examples pertaining any tables and figures examples

Add in-text citation to the text of the illustration’s caption.

In-text: The data in column # are from “Evaluating the effectiveness of media dynamics” (Steyn, 2010, p.600)

Reference list: Steyn, P. (2010). “Evaluating the effectiveness of media dynamics”, Journal of Marketing, vol. 133, no. 8, pp. 600-602.

In-text: The data in column # are from Numeracy levels of first-year students (Potgieter, 2014, p.100).

Reference list: Potgieter, H. (2014). Numeracy levels of first-year students. Timbuktu: Timbuktu Publishing Press.

In-text: The data in column # are from Export data to China, January 2014 (SAEX, 2014).

Reference list: South African Department of Export. (2014). Export data to China, December 2014 (No.5439). Available from <http://www.exportsa.gov.za/exports/china_2014?url.document>. [Accessed on 1 February 2015].

Specific examples pertaining any cases and legislation examples

In-text: (R v Willey (2013) 237 CLR 1).

Reference list: R v Willey (2013). 237 CLR 1.

In-text: (Social Welfare Regulations 2001 (SA) reg.7).

Reference list: Social Welfare Regulations 2001 (SA) reg. 7

In-text: (Communications Act 2001 (Cth) s 4)

Reference list: Communications Act 2001 (Cth).

In-text: (Protection of Information Bill (No. 1) 2010 (Sag)).

Reference list: Protection of Information Bill (No. 1) 2010 (Sag).

Specific examples pertaining any standards and patents examples

In-text: (Walker, 2000).

Reference list: Walker, N. (2005) Fastener for a briefcase system, US Patent 45555X1.

In-text: (Bureau of Standards SA 2012).

Reference list: Bureau of Standards, SA. (2012). Child seat regulations – general requirements, SA 4455.I-2008. Available from: South African Bureau of Standards. [Accessed on 1 December 2010].

In-text: (Bureau of Standards SA 2012).

Reference list: Bureau of Standards, SA. (2012).  Child seat regulations – general requirements, SA 4455.I-2008. 2008. SA: Bureau of Standards.

Specific examples pertaining any secondary sources examples

When you cite an author who refers to or quotes another author, this must be clearly indicated in the text (even though this practice should be kept to a minimum as the preferred option is for you to have read the original source itself).

Chambers (1983, p. 25) gives Whiteley’s (1979) definition of emotion as “a response to situations of one specific type ...”

In this example, the reference actually used was Chambers (1983), not Whiteley (1979).

A reference list entry must be made for Chambers, but can be made for both items if it is useful to your reader.

Reference: Chambers, P.K. (1983). Your emotions revealed. New York: Lacrima and Ductule.

Reference: Whiteley, B.C. (1979). ‘Emotional response’, Brain Talk, vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 234-5. (optional at your discretion)

Use inverted commas to enclose the direct text. For short quotations (of less than 40 words), use a brief phrase to introduce the quotation. For example:

As Neville (2007, Chapter 1, pp.100-101) emphasises, “ … you should cite all sources and present full details of these in your list of references.”.

For longer quotations (of 40 words or more) a block quotation is required, without quotation marks, but clearly indented to indicate these words are not your own. For example:

Neville (2007, Chapter 1, pp.100-101) comments that: It can sometimes be difficult, if not impossible, to avoid using some of the author’s original words, particularly those that describe or label phenomena. However, you need to avoid copying out what the author said, word for word. Choose words that you feel give a true impression of the author’s original ideas or action and use these in your writing.

Therefore, treat the direct quote as follows: Slightly smaller font and indented from the left margin to distinguish it from the rest of the text. Also add the Chapter and page number.

Reference list:

University of Wolverhampton. (2014). Ref: LS067, Harvard Referencing. Produced by the Department of Learning & Information Services, University of Wolverhampton.

University of Wolverhampton. (2014) Ref: LS067, Harvard Referencing. Produced by the Department of Learning and Information Services, University of Wolverhampton.